Marxs Theory on Exploitation

Social Science Theorist Karl Marx

Social Science Theorist Karl Marx Karl Marx, born on May 5, 1818 In Trier in Prussia Germany, was one of the world’s reckoned sociologists, philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, communist and the pioneer of communism. He was a German but of Jewish origin because his father had converted to Christianity so that he could get an opportunity to practice law in the then racist German society. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Science Theorist: Karl Marx specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He studied law and did a thesis of philosophy although he found himself in a group of Hegelian thinkers that dealt with political and social issues drawing him to communism. Marx was married to Jenny, a daughter of a Prussian baron, and had seven children but only three survived due to poverty and living conditions. Marx worked as a journalist for a liberal newspaper in which he would publish his articles on economics leading to controversies and the paper was closed making Marx opt to move to Paris. While in Paris, he wrote an editorial that was about French socialism, and Hegelisim in Germany (Franzà ¶sische Jahrbà ¼cher). He also wrote several manuscripts, such as the â€Å"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts† (1844) which were published a century later. He also met his best friend Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) and even wrote a manuscript with him. Due to their views they were expelled from Paris, they found their way to Brussels where he published the manuscript â€Å"The German Ideology† which was about the â€Å"nature of individuals depends on the material conditions determining their production. Marx believed in criticizing just about everything that was in existence and in 1848, he published his most popular and most controversial book ‘the Communist Manifesto† and it was not long after its release that the German revolution started. Marx had summarized the book in one sentence â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles†. This book led to his expulsion from Germany, and he went back to Paris where he was also expelled, and back to Germany again where he was charged for incitement and that was the routine of his life until 1849, when he decided to go to London. Due to the many revolutions that characterized that decade Marx decided to concentrate on understanding capitalism and economics (Cohen 1978). By 1857 he had written over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capitalism, land, wage labor, the state, foreign trade and the world market but they were not published until 1941, under the title â€Å"Grundrisse†. In 1859, He published â€Å"The Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy†, his first major economic manuscript. Marx explained his labor theory of value, his understanding of surplus value and exploitation which he argued would ultimately lead to a falling rat e of profit and the collapse of industrial capitalism.Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx continued writing and in the last years of his life he fell sick and could no longer keep the pace but could only comment on Germany’s and Russia politics and economics. He even predicted that Russia might move into communism directly without getting into capitalism for he was convinced the end of capitalism was uniting the worker with the means of production and Russia had communal ownership of land but unfortunately Russia ended up embracing capitalism just like other nations (Marx Engels 2008). Marx in his writings was trying to explain why the society behaves the way it does by studying its economics politics and philosophy. He explained the cause of social conflict using economics and concluded that social conflict was as a result of resources whose distribution is controlled by the economic system of a society. He also concluded that interaction and integration in a society is determined by resources since people can only interact with people of their social class. Marx view of an ideal society is that which people own property communally; there are no people that are superior to others in terms of wealth, and that way there would be no conflict. Marx major contribution on social theories was the conflict theory which he developed. The theory argues that the society is divided according to material possessions hence creating classes in which superior classes exploit their subordinates. He argued the organization of work in society was a major determinant of its structure, its economics politics and social life. According to Marx there are two major classes of people in a society; the ruling class and the subjects. The ruling class owns the means of production while the subordinates have the labor. The owners of capital who are the bourgeoi sies buy labor from the workers, the proletariats, at very low prices that do not match the amount of work they do hence making the ruling class to gain huge profits that increase their wealth while the rest becomes poorer. This kind of exploitation leads to political oppression since the ruling class use their resources to influence politics and laws made so that they would stay in their favor. They are also able to get as many contracts as possible for which the subjects do the work. The intellectuals are paid so that they would write publications justifying the system hence making all ideologies and morals to support the class structure (Blackledge 2006) He argued that capitalism alienates the worker from the product he makes, since the product sometimes could be worthy than the worker, they feel used and view themselves as objects of oppression. They also view their fellow workers as objects of labor with no other destiny and all this will result to disappointment and anger.Adve rtising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Science Theorist: Karl Marx specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There will be therefore a revolution as the workers try to unite with the means of production and due to this tension, capitalism will collapse and give birth to a new society. The society will be communistic, Marx says that â€Å"the development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable† (Avineri 1968). He also believed that new technologies would be invented leading to less man labor hence more cost and less profits and as a result there will be an economic crisis leading to the fall of major sectors and the development of others. Marx also used capitalism to defin e and study history and he concluded that all social conflicts that have occurred have been due to resources and the forces of production. However, critiques have opposed this claiming that capitalism is the most effective and fair way of distributing resources. Contrary, others argue that selfishness and the need to accumulate wealth is in the nature of man and that no economic system would change that Marx can be considered as the founder of modern sociology in collaboration with others social scientist like Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Marx died on March 1883, he was buried in London Highgate Cemetery, with only eleven people in attendance. He died stateless and his epitaph read workers of all lands unite. Reference List Avineri, S. (1968). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Blackledge, P. (2006). Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Cohen, G. A. (1978). Karl Marxs Theory of His tory: A Defence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx, K. Engels, F. (2008). The Communist Manifesto. Rockville, MD: Wildside Press LLC, 2008

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 2

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example By comparing the two companies we will try to learn how these challenges can be solved. The difference in the management style of both the companies will also be discussed under the light of relevant theories of management and business. Watsons Engine Components and H&M Consulting are the two companies that will be discussed in the report. Watsons Engine Components is a manufacturing company of parts for car engines. It is a family owned business and is in a lot of trouble because of the increased competition in the industry. The human resource management issues are also staring the company right in the face. On the other hand, H & M Consulting is a consultancy company and has made massive inroads in many engineering and management sectors all over the world. Since its inception in 1989, it has grown into a large organization with a global presence. The company is doing very well and has a friendly culture which in turns yields good profits for the company. The differences between th ese two companies will be highlighted in the report. Organizational Design and Structure The first area of difference between the two organizations is the organizational structure. Structure in companies is very important because all communication is done within the organization according to its structure. The lower levels of employees communicate their demands and insights on the business through the structure. This is why the importance of organizational design in great. A major chunk of the problem of Watsons Engine Components lies in its organizational structure. The structure of the company is hierarchal and old fashioned. In a hierarchal structure, the flow of information is very slow. The communication gap in the company is very evident from the highly unionized employee base. When the voices of employees are not heard they feel compelled to make such forums where voices are raised. It is actually an individual need, to raise his or her voice about the work he or she is doing and in absence of proper communication channels unions are formed. Cross-functional integration is very important in environments where demand is unpredictable (Germain, Claycomb, & Droge, 2007). This integration is also lacking in Watsons Engine Components. The company is not interested in training employees so that they can work in different areas. The employees are not even motivated themselves to work hard because of the structural issues with the company. Employees working at the lowest level have great ideas about improvement of a product but these ideas are not heard because of the vertical structure of the organization. Workers find it difficult to communicate their ideas to the top management. The business activity of Watsons Engine Components requires a structure that is flexible. The company produces complex products that are engine parts. Innovation is actually required when manufacturing complex products and design structure is very important when developing complex pr oducts (Danilovic & Browning, 2007). This is because innovation will only take place when ideas from employees are listened to and implemented. In a business of manufacturing, the company should have a decentralized structure and a small company like Watsons Engine Components should have an open door policy. H & M Consulting, on the other hand, has a much-decentralized structure and this is the reason for their success.

Conrad's Vision of the colonial world in nostromo and the heart of Essay

Conrad's Vision of the colonial world in nostromo and the heart of darkness - Essay Example There are also diverse political systems within the country, look at http://www.123helpme.com/assets/16087.html for more information. Enslavement of congo in 1800 brought many changes to the country with suppression of rights of the inhabitants and pauperization of their lives. What will help a lot is reading the biography of the author and understanding for political viewpoints and ethical standpoints to use it for the interview. Based on his biography you can give detailed explanation of why he used each symbol in his works. The main idea here is to make a contradiction between the two pieces of work. Finding common and dissimilar ideas you convey that you have fully understood what the author is trying to show through his work. He was born shortly after the Crimean war in Poland and both his father and his mother died of tuberculosis so he had to lie with his uncle. Using the fact that he left his country to avoid "being conscripted for service in the Russian army" you can see that the suppression element drove him out of his beloved country. He t ravelled to France and England and he went to Congo which fascinated him. There is here therefore a love for the setting of his work which he would most certainly not like to see under the suppression of any country. This bias is a setting for the elements of his work. The second thing you need to focus on are the characters of the two pieces of work. ... mainly in the central character and the other central characters that are in the setting is what is missing from the author's life or the kind of people they highly appreciate and miss. In any case when evaluating a piece of literature work one needs to keep in mind that even though the author is trying to convey personal convictions each literature piece is interpreted differently by the author There is no right or wrong in a literature piece, however all the elements of the piece, setting, characters, ethics, author bio etc. need to be taken into consideration to have a COMPLETE view of the piece of work and have a personal viewpoint of everything included in the work. What you might also need to do is probably memorise what is said in some parts of the text because this will convince for sure your professors that you have written the dissertation. In every academic paper details make the difference and they are always giving extra mark. Try referring to specific characters for ins tance. As far as the setting is concerned you will also need to keep in mind the political situation when the author was born and make a correlation between that and the political situation in the two works. You need to remember that you cannot focus on EVERYTHING that is considered important. You will need to extract what you think was most important for you and elaborate on this but really learn a lot of details. Your professors will read your paper and they will focus on what contradicitions are made and they will ask you questions on these. They might also ask what you mean by some sentences in your dissertation so be prepared to answer any vague points. 2. The characters of the works The second thing that need to be stressed are the main characters in Nostromo, you have Gould who

FDI Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FDI Strategy - Essay Example These trends come with different advantages as well as their fair share of challenges as pressure to belong grows on these corporations and firms regularly. To assist in these changing trends, foreign direct investment guarantees that the corporation is well-situated through mergers, joint ventures, or acquisition of shares. This guarantees their position in the growing market, and a place in their hosts’ market (Peng, 2012). MNE selected (who they are and what they do) Multinational enterprises are taking over the world by storm as they strive and struggle to capture the international market through some of the products and services they offer. One major MNE that is popular in this day and age is probably the McDonald’s fast food chain. This MNE has been around for a particularly long time and is keen on spreading its wings into different regions of the world, so as to capitalize on the changing trends. Changes in the technological and cultural field are making it easier for MNEs to break into emerging markets and take advantage of the growing number of consumers (Peng, 2012). McDonald’s Corporation probably has the largest chain of fast food restaurants around the world. It is situated in almost 119 countries, and has its headquarters in the United States. The corporation sells almost anything that is considered fast food, ranging from soft drinks to desserts for its ever-growing customer base. Sadly, one region that may not boast of having a branch of this corporation is North Korea. Challenges and advantages of FDI for the MNE One of the main advantages of FDI for the MNE is that the host country may be assisted in their quest for improving their infrastructure and projects that boost their economy (Dunning & Lundan, 2008). McDonald’s, in some of the areas that it is situated, can offer them the aid they need in order to be self-sufficient and increase their infrastructure developments. North Korea, as a region that does not boast of having a McDonald’s branch or franchise, may need the services and job opportunities that arise from the corporation’s presence in the region. Moreover, greater competition may arise from all the subsidiaries of the corporation, which may lead to an increase in productivity and gains from all groups participating in the business. Some of the challenges of foreign direct investment for the fast food corporation involve the exploitation of labor in the region. In order to make a mark in the region in which they are situated, corporations are pushed into focu sing on their profits, rather than the positive impact of their presence. Also, the host’s country’s investment policies may be a tremendous challenge to the main corporation (Dunning & Lundan, 2008). If the host region has stringent investment policy measures, it may be next to impossible for the mother corporation to invest in the host country, or even find the right strategies to satisfy their overall organizational performance. Best way for the MNE to minimize foreign exchange risks For MNEs, it is crucial to identify the risks that are posed to its operations. The corporation needs to monitor its financial, portfolio, and structural risks and engage in risk management strategies that may protect the corporation’s investments in the host country. When it comes down to foreign exchange and MNEs, structural risks are the most crucial risks to monitor. This is because mismatches between cash inflows and outflows can cause

Real Time Motion Detection Using Dynamic Camera

Real Time Motion Detection Using Dynamic Camera Abstract— nowadays, security of valuable and secret assets is very important for large organisation companies. Due to limitation of human resources and man power we need an efficient and reliable security system. To overcome this limitations and errors we will implement high level surveillance system for security. In our system, we will use dynamic camera for video surveillance which will feed video stream to system. System will perform various image processing operations to detect the object. Index Terms — Image processing, voting based motion estimation algorithm, Priority based spatial coding algorithm, content based temporal sampling algorithm, Video Surveillance system. Introduction Video surveillance systems are a very important in the modern times. Although some people don’t like the idea of being watched, surveillance systems improve the public security, allowing the system to detect dangers and the security forces to react in time. Surveillance systems developed in the recent years from simple surveillance systems into complex structures, containing multiple cameras and high end monitoring centers, armed with elegant hardware and software. However, the future of surveillance systems belongs to automatic tools that assist the system operator and notify him on the detection of security threats. It is important, because in complex systems consisting of multiple cameras, the operator cannot notice all the events. For efficient and reliable surveillance system, we need high detection rates and low false alarm rates, both of these ordinary methods most of the time does not work in turbulent territory. To eliminate such difficulties, we will be using different algorithms for camera motion estimation, capturing target frame and object detection. Our goal is to detect objects in motion reliably. Literature Survey [1] Feng-Li Lian, Yi-Chun Lin,Chien-Ting Kuo, and Jong-Hann Jean,moving object detection using mobile In this method, using moving camera the video is captured. The reference frame is taken first when the camera starts then current frame and the previous frame both are compared. Utilizing the frame differencing technique first the change detection from the captured images can be performed so the binary image can be generated by this technique that can be used to identify the area with significant difference between two frames or from the current frame to the background frame. [2] D.Wu,Y.T.Hou, Y. Q. Zhang,Real Time transmission of Video The video data from these cameras should be transmitted in real time to the control room or end-users for further analysing surveillance-related information. However, transmitting real-time video over a network is a challenge task because video data usually contain large amount of information quantity and the transmission channel might have limited bandwidth. When the transmission amount of video data exceeds the available bandwidth, excessive video flow in the network might lead to time delay and or packet loss, and further, the real-time performance of video transmission would be degraded. [3]J. M. Shapiro, B. Andersson, N. Pereira, W. Elmenreich A key solution to video transmission is to reduce the quantity and complexity of original videos but simultaneously preserve the most important message within the original image content. The development of image compression is to reduce the data quantity at the spatial scale for successful transmission. Based on the characteristics of the objects of interest existing in the video images, embedded coding algorithms are well-known techniques for image compression by generating variable bit-rate streams for progression transmission. I. block diagram The following block diagram represents the working of real time motion estimation by using dynamic camera. The diagram is divided into two parts. First one is capturing of frame and second part is comparison and object detection. At first, based quality image frame is captured from data stream of multiple frames using some frame grabbing algorithm. Then that frame is names as a recent or current image. The recent or current image is in RGB format which then converted into grey scale image. After RGB to grey scale conversion Gaussian blur technic is used to reduce noise and sharpness in the image. After above process the recent image is compared with background image. Background is image that if image that captured and updated by camera for every particular time frame .for comparison of this two image we need to subtract recent image to background image after subtraction we use threshold technique on resultant image. After threshold technique we get the binary image. We use blob detec tion algorithm on binary image which help us to detect object in that image .after the object detection object is registered and track. Fig. 1:Block diagram I.Camera Motion estimation In voting based mechanism image processing technique is used for motion estimation and edge detection. Image is necessary in tracking, detecting and recognition applications. There are two types’ image features Frequency features and amplitude features. Edge information of object is usually use for detect the location of moving object. Voting base mechanism edge detection of object plays very important role .In dynamic camera surveillance system as camera is always moving, the objects in captured images also look like moving objects, even though they are not. We can obtained correct edge information of moving object and still object by subtracting to successive frames .Estimation of camera motion is very important for identifying visual information of moving object. Therefore motion of camera should be estimated first using estimated motion of camera output of edge detection is calculated .The morphological erosion dilation are used to get correct and enhance outcome of moving edges. II. Content Based Temporal Sampling In surveillance system with high end camera devices frame rate is high and change of view cause by motion of dynamic camera is very small due to that consecutive captured images are almost identify .Hence transmitting this identical frames on limited bandwidth is not efficient utilization of bandwidth. Due to this problem the content based temporal sampling method is used. In content based temporal sampling only one image from n number of consecutive frames is selected. The selected images are selected on basis of content of image .Image containing more information is selected compare to image with less information. Image having more edges having more information .Therefore while selecting images blur images are given least preference over sharp images for frame selection canny edge detection is performed to locate edge pixel then number of are count for changing edges on each frame .according to content based temporal sampling algorithm the most important information would be save and less important an identical frame would be removed. III. Priority based spatial coding Usually, an image frame can be divided into important and unimportant parts in spatial domain. The importance can be decided based on the outcome of the moving edge detection. For example, moving objects can be considered as the most important information compared with other static objects and background. Hence, the result of the edge detection can also be used to specify the regions with or without moving objects. Therefore, the spatial coding algorithm can be used to encode the region with important information into a frame of higher visual quality and the region without important information into a frame of lower visual quality. Furthermore, an embedded coding algorithm, such as the set partitioning SPIHT, can be used to progressively encode the visual quality based on the currently determined importance and available bandwidth. IV. CONCLUSION In this paper we will be implementing a smart surveillance system which will detect moving object as well as abandoned object with dynamic camera. We will be using motion detection algorithm and various images processing technique for detection of objects in video stream. The surveillance system we are going to implement is low cost, efficient and highly reliable. This system will give common man access to use sophisticated security system. V. REFERENCES [1] G. L. Foresti, C. S. Regazzoni, and R. Visvanathan, â€Å"Scanning theissue/technology—Special issue on video communications, processingand understanding for third generation surveillance systems,† Proc.IEEE, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 1355–1367, Oct. 2001. [2] S.Misra,M. Reisslein, and G. Xue, â€Å"A survey ofmultimedia streamingin wireless sensor networks,† IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,Fourth Quarter, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 18–39, 2008. [3] Y. Si, J. Mei, and H. Gao, â€Å"Novel approaches to improve robustness,accuracy and rapidity of iris recognition systems,† IEEE Trans. IndInf., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 110–117, 2012. [4] P. N. Huu, V. Tran-Quang, and T. Miyoshi, â€Å"Image compressionalgorithm considering energy balance on wireless sensor networks,in IEEE Int. Conf. Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Osaka, Japan, Jul.13–16, 2010, pp. 1005–1010. [5] A. Hampapur,L.Brown, J.Connell,A.Ekin, N. Haas,M. Lu,H.Merkl,S. Pankanti, A. Senior, C.-F. Shu, and Y. L. Tian, â€Å"Smart video surveillance:Exploring the concept of multiscale spatiotemporal tracking,†IEEE Spatial Process. Mag., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 38–51, Mar. 2005. [6] D.Wu,Y.T.Hou, andY. Q. Zhang, â€Å"Transporting real-time video overthe internet: Challenges and approaches,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 88, no. 12,pp. 1855–1877, Dec. 2000. [7] C. Caione, D. Brunelli, and L. Benini, â€Å"Distributed compressivesampling for lifetime optimization in dense wireless sensor networks,†IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 30–40, 2012. [8] M. Garcà ­a-Valls, P. Basanta-Val, and I. Està ©vez-Ayres, â€Å"Adaptive realtimevideo transmission over DDS,† in IEEE Int. Conf. Industrial Informatics(INDIN), Osaka, Japan, Jul. 13–16, 2010, pp. 130–135.180 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, VOL. 9, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2013 [9] H. Koto, Y. Hiehata, S. Uemura, and H. Nakamura, â€Å"Analysis of controlaccuracy for access control method based on sample monitoringin interactive tv services,† in IEEE Int. Conf. Industrial Informatics(INDIN), Osaka, Japan, Jul. 13–16, 2010, pp. 991–998. [10] F.-L. Lian, J. K.Yook,D.M. Tilbury, and J. R.Moyne, â€Å"Network architectureand communication modules for guaranteeing acceptable controland communication performance for networked multi-agent systems,†IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 12–24, Feb. 2006. [11] B. Andersson, N. Pereira,W. Elmenreich, E. Tovar, F. Pacheco, and N.Cruz, â€Å"A scalable and efficient approach for obtaining measurementsin CAN-based control systems,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., vol. 4, no. 2, pp.80–91, May 2008. [12] J. M. Shapiro, â€Å"Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients,† IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 41, no. 12, pp.3445–3462, Dec. 1993.

Essay --

1. The 4 most important technological developments were round-hulled sailing ships, the compass, and improved map-making innovations, and knowledge of explosives/gunpowder weapons. These round-hulled ships allowed for further voyages into the Atlantic Ocean and for being able to carry large amounts of goods to trade in other places. The compass gave European’s the navigation tool they always needed to insure the y were going the correct way, allowing for more daring voyages to take place. Improved map making innovations also gave the Europeans a better idea of where they were and gave more confidence for more exploring and traveling to trade in distant lands. Finally gunpowder weapons gave Europeans the military advantages they needed over all the other civilizations in the world and allowed them to come and take port cities or entire civilizations. 2. Hongwu made notable reforms to the scholar-gentry influence and developed ways to check the abuses of other factions. He also tried to get more loyal bureaucrats by adding public beatings for disloyal or corrupted officials. In the first few years of the Ming dynasty, an economic boom happened as China began to contact other civilizations overseas. Population boom also occurred due to introduced crops from the Americas such as maize and potatoes. The merchant class became very wealthy off the economic boom and used their wealth to purchase land, increasing their social status. Chinese expansion occurred at a rate that a never been seen before. The Chinese began to push further out of Central Asia. The main motives for this were to explore other lands and to spread the glory of the Ming Empire. 3. Europeans Americas Cows Potatoes Horses Maize Diseases Sweet potatoes Onions Peanut... ...n put Confucian Scholars at the top and tried to cast aside anything other than Confucian thinking. Hindus became under attack by Mughal leaders that wanted to convert more to Islam. As he Mughals kept pushing deeper into India, tensions heated up as more people converted from Hinduism to Islam. After Newton published his book, it showed of a universe with simple laws and rules. It used rational hypothesis and generalization. It relied less on blind traditions of religious faith. Soon writers affected by the new science, although not scientist, began to attack traditional religious ideas such as miracles. Political change was complicated due to the absolute monarchy that arose in France vs the parliamentary monarchy that arose in England and Holland. These more effective central governments helped Europeans catch up in political forms that had been developed before

John Locke -Philosophy Essay Essay

â€Å"The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no freedom† – John Locke. What I feel that John Locke is attempting to express in his quote is that society believes that by having laws in place the government is taking away from the freedom they long to endure. However, by having laws in place it actually helps to enforce their rights to freedom. I chose John Locke as my topic for my final paper because I have taken an interest in the life he led, his inspirations and his role in politics. John Locke was the first of the classical British empiricists. Empiricists believed that all knowledge derives from experience. He became highly influential to the political world, inspiring government representatives such as Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine and James Madison. Locke expressed the radical view that government is morally obliged to serve people by protecting life, liberty and property (n. a, n. d). He explained the principle of checks and balances in order to limit the power of government. He also favored representative government and rule of law. Locke insisted that when government violates individual rights, the people have a right to rebel. His views on individual rights, life, happiness and politics led Locke to become known as the 17th century English Philosopher of the enlightenment. John Locke was born August 29, 1632, in Somerset, England. He was the oldest son of Agnes Keene and John Locke. His father was a Puritan lawyer who served as a clerk for justices of the peace (n. a. , n. d). With the assistance of his father’s connections to the English government, Locke received an exceptional education. In 1647 he enrolled at Westminster School in London, where he earned his distinct honor of being named a King’s Scholar. This was a privilege that went to only select number of boys and set the path for Locke to attend Christ Church, Oxford in 1652 (n. a. , n. d). Christ Church is considered the most prestigious school in Oxford. During this educational time period, Locke engaged in logic and metaphysics. He graduated from Christ Church in 1656 and returned two years later to pursue a Masters of the Arts. This accomplishment soon led to Locke taking on tutorial work at the college. In 1668 Locke was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. The Royal Society is a fellowship of the world’s most eminent scientist and is the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence (n. a. ,n. d. ). Locke then went on to study philosophy and medicine at the University of Oxford and graduated in 1674 with a bachelor’s of medicine. Locke did not want to commit his life to a religious order and therefore turned down a permanent teaching position from Oxford. This opened the doors to an opportunity serving as a private physician and secretary to Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftesbury (Kermerling, 2011). During the summer of 1666, Anthony Ashley Cooper visited Oxford where he met Locke who was at the time studying medicine. Cooper, who was suffering from a liver cyst which threatened to become swollen and infected, requested that Locke be his personal physician. Locke accepted and soon moved into a room at the Cooper’s Exeter House mansion in Westminster, London. Cooper’s condition worsened and Locke was in a position of opportunity to heal the Earl successfully. In 1668, Locke supervised a successfully surgery and save the life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftesbury. This honorable act led Locke to become a valued partner of Shaftesbury. After Shaftesbury stature grew, so did Locke’s responsibilities. He assisted in the Earl’s business and political matters and after Shaftsbury was made chancellor, Locke became his secretary of presentations. Locke was involved in just about everything that Shaftsbury did. This included the formation of the Whig party. The Whig party was a political group which consisted of politicians from America, England and Scotland who opposed King Charles I of England. Locke maintained correspondence with the party to assist with influencing Parliamentary elections. Shaftsbury was imprisoned for a year and on his release he helped pass the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 which made it unlawful for government to detain a person without filing formal charges. The act also specified that an individual could not be put on trial for the same charge more than once (n. a. ,n. d). Shaftesbury was a strong influence to John Locke and helped pave his way for future success through experience – Empiricist. During the reign of King Charles II it was illegal to write, read or have books in one’s possession that pertained to any negative press against the government. Although it was risky, Locke continued his mission. He wrote about his experience with political actions. One treatise attached a claim that the Bible sanctioned tyrants and that parents had absolute authority over children. A second treatise presented an epic case for liberty and the right of people to rebel against tyrants. He pushed to a radical conclusion which attacked slavery and a defense of revolution (n. a. , n. d. ). Locke fled to Rotterdam on September 7, 1683 to avoid legal action (n. a. , n. d. ). The English government tried to have Locke extradited for trial and possible hanging. Lock fled to London and assumed the name â€Å"Dr. van der Linden. † He signed letters as â€Å"Lamy† or â€Å"Dr. Lynne† (n. a. ,n. d. ). Locke assumed that the government would intercept mail, so he protected friends by referring to them with numbers or false names. His excuse to friends for moving to Holland was that he enjoyed the local beer. In Holland, Locke began to work on his philosophical masterpiece, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding which urged people to base their convictions on observation and reason. His argument was that all ideas, simple or complex, are ultimately derived from experience. He challenged the traditional doctrine that learning consisted entirely of reading ancient texts and absorbing religious dogmas (n.a. , n. d. ). He maintained that understanding that the world required observation. The essay was published in December 1689, and established Locke as England’s leading philosopher. In the essay, Locke states the nature of his proposed doctrine: â€Å"Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: – How comes it to be furnished? Whenced comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from experience. In that all our knowledge is founded. (Valasquez, 2011)† The book became one of the most widely reprinted and influential works on philosophy. It brought great fame for Locke. So much, that he spent the rest of his life responding to admirers and critics by making revisions in later editions of the book, including detailed accounts of human volition and moral freedom. Locke also published Two Treatise of Civil Government. These writings were published anonymously in order to avoid controversy. The First Treatise is a detailed rejection of the monarchist theories of Robert Filmer. Locke attacked Filmer’s claim that God sanctioned the absolute power of kings. During this time period, such an attack was risky since it could easily be prosecuted as an attack on the King Charles II. The Second Treatise of Government offers a systematic account of the foundations of political obligation. The views expressed within this treatise were so radical that he only released his name as publisher in his will. Locke’s writings did much to inspire the libertarian ideals of the American Revolution. This, in turn, set an example which inspired people throughout Europe, Latin America and Asia. Locke’s philosophy had a great effect on American’s as well. Thomas Jefferson ranked Locke as the most important thinkers on liberty. He also helped inspire Thomas Paine’s radical ideas about revolution. James Madison drew most of his fundamental principles of liberty and government from Locke’s writings. John Locke’s writings were also included in the self-education of Benjamin Franklin. John Adam’s believed that both girls and boys should learn about Locke. Locke’s influence even traveled to France where the French philosopher Voltaire called, â€Å"Locke the man of the greatest wisdom. What he has not seen clearly, I despair of ever seeing† (n. a. , n. d. ). Mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton cherished his company. Locke helped William Penn restore his good name when he was political fugitive, just as Penn had arranged a pardon for Locke when he had been a political fugitive. Locke was described by the famous English physician Dr. Thomas Sydenham as â€Å"a man whom, in the acuteness of his intellect, in the steadiness of his judgment, in the simplicity, that is, in the excellence of his manners, I confidently declare to have, amongst the men of our time, few equals and no superiors.(n. a. , n. d. ). It is astonishing that Locke’s work has affected so many people around the world. He was an undistinguished Oxford scholar. He had a brief experience with a failed diplomatic mission. He was a physician who lacked traditional credentials and had only one patient. His first major work was not published until the age of 57. All of this and he is still one of the leading philosophers of all time. In 1691, John Locke is invited to spend his last years with friends Francis and Damaris Masham. Damaris is also a philosopher and is believed to have been romantically involved with Locke during their study years at Oxford. When Locke left for Holland, Damaris was to visit; however it did not work out and she married Francis Masham (Uzgalis, 2012). During his stay with the Masham’s Locke tutored their son Francis, here he begins to work on his treaties Thoughts Concerning Education. Locke’s health gradually began to worsen. He lost most of his hearing and his legs began to swell. He could barely bring himself to rise from bed. Around 3:00 in the afternoon, Saturday, October 28, 1704 he passed away (n. a, n. d. ). He was sitting in his study with Lady Marsham. Suddenly, he brought his hands to his face, shut his eyes and died. He was 72 years old. Locke’s focus has primarily been based upon the ideas of freedom and equality as a whole. He believed that citizens should naturally possess the right to life, liberty and happiness, which is portrayed in the constitution of the United States. These undisputable rights or natural rights have derived from the law of nature. The law of nature is a state that relies purely on the law of God, which is also known as moral law. This law gave people the natural right to life, liberty, and happiness without question. In addition, Locke believed that people also possess the basic right of self-defense if under attack. However, Locke’s key aspect of his theories was the basic idea of equality. He said that nobody has the right to rule and that consent is critical because it’s based on the premises that all people are equal (Uzgalis, 2012). John Locke is still very much known as a political philosopher in today’s modern society. Because much of Locke’s philosophy centered on subjects such as natural rights and knowledge, he has in-turn shaped American politics in such a way that it has never been the same. Locke has challenged many theories that have to do with inalienable rights as a part of natural law; therefore he had much to do with the involvement in the evolution of the American Government. He taught that, men by nature possess certain rights. He had a tremendous influence on all future political thinking. A clear representation of his involvement is portrayed in the declaration of independence. John Locke was, and will always be remembered as a pioneer in modern thinking.

20 The Kite Runner Essay Topics to Explore

20 The Kite Runner Essay Topics to Explore Welcome to the second guide where you are provided with 20 The Kite Runner Essay Topics. These topics will help you have a better idea on what to write because all you need is a topic to give you a headstart. We already provided you with some interesting facts. But we’ve also included a bonus. After skimming through the topics, you’ll find a sample exploratory essay on one of the topics, so you can start writing immediately, taking help from the sample as you see fit. Sample essays make everything that more convenient, don’t they? After you’ve read this guide, we recommend you take a look at our final guide, informative guide for an exploratory essay on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, which is, basically, a manual on how to write and outline for an exploratory essay. It is perfect for individuals who are looking for tips on elevating their essay to a whole new level of professionalism. So, without further delay, here are 20 essay topics on The Kite Runner: Is There Justification to Amir’s Jealousy for Hassan in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini? Reasons behind Amir’s Guilt-Stricken Cowardice in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Why did the Khaled Hosseini Portray Hassan as a Rape Victim in The Kite Runner? Amir’s Journey Towards Becoming a Successful Novelist in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Causes of Fertility Issues with Amir and Soraya in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Is Hassan the Most Evil Character in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini? Is Amir The Most Evil Character in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini? Signs That Help You Predict the True Relation between Amir and Hassan in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini What was the Role of Amir in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini? The Types of Love Discussed in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Social Lessons to Learn from The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini How The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Highlights The Immigrants’ Issues The Social Gap between Amir and Hassan: What We Can Learn from This in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini What Does the Kite Symbolize In The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini? How Does The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Define the Afghan Culture Redemption in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini: Does our Social Status Define Who We Are? Friendship Lessons to Learn in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini The Picture of Afghanistan Painted in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini How The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Motivates Us To Confront Our Mistakes. As promised, it’s time to walk you through an exploratory essay on one of the above topics. This essay will act as a sample and assists you in carving out the perfect essay. Be sure to read our final guide after you’ve completed reading this one. With that said, here is the sample: Sample Exploratory Essay: The Culture of Afghanistan in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini The Kite Runner is an interesting book and is very entertaining to read. However, several identities such as Janette Edwards, have exposed Hosseini and critiqued the book as inauthentic and suspicious. Since Edwards has conducted several interviews with Afghan-Americans, he thinks that the parallels between the author and character position Hosseini as an outsider to Afghanistan. According to the book, the culture of the Afghans is not quite how it is in real life. Khaled Hosseini is actually the son of a diplomat, who has spent most of his life outside Afghanistan, which, in all likelihood, could mean that he doesn’t know much about his culture, religion or the Afghan society, for that matter. Since most criticisms on the Kite Runner claim that the characters and situations written in the book were reckless and devising; it clearly exposes the fact that Hosseini doesn’t really know the fabric of the Afghan society. Furthermore, the argument holds itself strong as Khaled Hosseini got separated from Afghanistan in his childhood. If you’ve read â€Å"The Reluctant Fundamentalist†, you know how beautifully the author views American society and merges his lead character with the society itself. The Kite Runner, however, does the opposite. There are scarce interactions with non-Afghan Americans and the author highlights only the Afghani subculture – which, by many author criticisms, shows no consciousness. Even though Amir’s identification as an American seems appropriable as he achieves his American dream to become a novelist, unfortunately, there is no context in the book that exposes any kind of interaction with American society. On the other hand, the story that spans over the book is a graphic with violent accounts including rape, brutal beatings and public executions. Although, the story is fictional, the author has described it in a life-like scene, which to most of people, is indigestible and may claim that it contradicts the true culture in Afghanistan. The Kite Runner portrays possible realities that do exist all around the world – it’s a story of brotherhood, sacrifice, guilt, betrayal and pretty much everything that is found in human societies. However, the author includes a few violent and horrible events in the book that not only disgust the reader, but to some extent, traumatize people, so much so that they tend to agree with the author’s point of view on Afghani culture. If Hosseini had laid out his fictional story without creating such disturbing events in the book and including events that were leading characters such as Amir to interact with American society, the book would have made for a marvelous and inspiring story. However, this isn’t the case. It’s still a good read, however it can traumatize people who’ve never had the pleasure to know or experience â€Å"real† Afghani culture – it’s certainly not as bad as the book depicts it. Now that you’ve read our second guide, it’s time to read our final manual that explains how an exploratory essay is written. It is highly recommended that you read our informative guide for an exploratory essay thoroughly, as it will clear away any confusion you may have and assist you in writing a brilliant exploratory essay on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. References: The Kite Runner Summary Critical Survey of Literature for Students Ed. Laurence W. Mazzeno. eNotes.com, Inc. 2010 eNotes.com 27 Sep, 2016 enotes.com/topics/kite-runner#summary-the-story Anis Kurilah, 2009 â€Å"Social and Moral Responsibility in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner: Sociological Approach† Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta  http://eprints.ums.ac.id/5483/1/A320050251.pdf Niraja Saraswat, 2014 â€Å"Theme of Identity and Redemption in Khaleed Hossieni’s The Kite Runner† Vol 1, No.5, 166-175, International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS) ijims.com/uploads/89d5501d7e7a1e187a62zppd_576.pdf â€Å"The Kite Runner Chapter 24 Summary eNotes Publishing Ed. Scott Locklear. eNotes.com, Inc. eNotes.com 27 Sep, 2016 enotes.com/topics/kite-runner#summary-chapter-summary-chapter-24-summary N. Shamand, 2010 The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini: Historical, Political and Cultural Contexts UGC, Academic Staff College, University of Kerala  http://arabicuniversitycollege.yolasite.com/resources/Faculty/NS/Dissertations/The%20Kite%20Runner%20-%20Historical,%20Political%20%20Cultural%20Contexts.pdf Azad, F. (2004). Dialogue with Khaled Hosseini. Lemar-Aftaab, 3(4), June.  http://afghanmagazine.com/2004_06/profile/khosseini.shtml Sadat, M.H. (2004). Afghan History: kite flying, kite running and kite banning. Lemar-Aftaab, 3(4), June.  http://afghanmagazine.com/2004_06/articles/hsadat.shtml

Ozone Alert Days and Warnings

Ozone Alert Days and Warnings Ozone is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. Ozone is present in low concentrations throughout the  Earths atmosphere  (stratosphere). In total, ozone makes up only  0.6  ppm (parts per million) of the atmosphere. Ozone smells similar to chlorine and is detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as  10  ppb (parts per billion)  in the air.   Ozone is a powerful  oxidant and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation. This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucus and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about  100  ppb. This makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level. However, the  ozone layer  (a portion of the stratosphere with a higher concentration of ozone, from 2 to 8 ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging  ultraviolet light  from reaching the  Earths surface to the benefit of both plants and animals. Unhealthy Ozone Ozone depletion may be a common news story, but many forget about the dangerous formation of ozone at ground level. The Air Quality Index (AQI) in your local weather forecast may often issue an unhealthy warning based on ground level ozone measurements if ground-level ozone is going to affect people in a particular area. All persons in an area are advised to be on the lookout for health effects related to ozone pollutants when a warning or watch is issued. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) warns that although ozone in the stratosphere protects us from harmful UV radiation, low-level ozone is dangerous. Infants, children, and those with respiratory problems may be in particular danger. What Causes Ground-Level Ozone Ground-level ozone is caused when the sun reacts with pollutants from cars and industrial plants to form ozone at or near the surface of the earth. The sunny weather you enjoy in many parts of the world may, unfortunately, be increasing the chances of the formation of ground-level ozone. Summertime is especially dangerous in many traditionally sunny areas, especially those areas with large populations. The EPA issues warnings and advisories for five major air pollutants. ground-level ozoneparticle pollutioncarbon monoxidesulfur dioxidenitrogen dioxide Ozone Alert Days According to associate writer Fred Cabral, â€Å"Ozone ignorance is a problem. Many people do not listen to the warnings given by local forecasters on the dangers of ozone.† While interviewing locals in the area, Cabral discovered 8 reasons why people choose to ignore â€Å"Ozone Alert Days†. Avoiding complacency is key to being safe from the dangers of ozone, Fred indicates, and people should not become complacent about the issue. After multiple street interviews, Cabral has investigated the ways to remain safe. In fact, ozone alert days (sometimes called ozone action days depending on where you live) are days when high heat and humidity cause unhealthy and unsafe levels of air pollution in the ozone layer. Pollution levels are monitored via the Air Quality Index, which was designed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) so that cities and states can measure and report levels of pollutants in our air.

Women's Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women's Rights - Essay Example The considerable distinctness in how women are treated differently when comparing the West and the East is rather alarming and perhaps the most incredulous part of all is how few people across the world actually seem to realize it. Over the past few decades, women's rights have changed dramatically, regarding issues ranging from their participation in the work force to how they are treated as a human being. Although this change may seem altogether positive, the actuality of it differs from different parts of the world. When comparing the Eastern and Western culture in reference to women, there are many things to consider, all of which can be understood more clearly by addressing the following questions: When discussing how women are treated differently in Middle East countries compared to the Western culture, the difference is quite extreme. In countries such as Canada and the United States, women are basically at the point where they can dress, speak and act however they please; whereas in a Middle Eastern country such as Iran or Iraq for example, a woman's actions and wardrobe are specifically laid out for her and expected to be followed. In the Middle East, women are seen as sources of seduction that are responsible for man's inability to resist them, and because they are considered to be the inferior sex, it is assumed to be their duty to control their sexuality. As Ayubi states, "it is believed that women must be hidden and separated from men so that the males are not overpowered by feminine sexual appeal." (p. 3). Due to this theory, there is a custom to which all women living in Middle East countries are expected to abide by - veiling. Veiling is a custom which involves the woman covering her entire body (including hair) except for the hands and face. It has become a symbol of female virtue and obedience to Allah - the Arabic name for God - and is a crucial part of the Islamic code which stresses sexual segregation. Spivey (n.d.) wrote that women are expected to dress this way due to the fact that women are merely "sexual beings who need to be controlled." Men and women are considered to be in two 'separate sphe res'; with men's role being in the 'public sphere', and women's in the 'private sphere'. Women veil themselves when they go outside, onto the street, or into shops, because they have entered the 'male sphere'. This way they are considered 'invisible' and show that they respect the men, and that they understand they are in man's domain. Middle Eastern society revolves primly around the concept of public morality. Honour and respect are of the utmost important in this type of society, and upholding this honour for the family is a vital responsibility. This is believed by some - mostly men - to be a reasonable explanation as to why women are expecte

Resort management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Resort management - Assignment Example It highlights the key factors that lead to the success of businesses in different mountain resort locations in Austria. Furthermore, it supports these factors by providing case studies of three different resort locations in Austria. One of the major flaws in the presentation is that it does not address challenges that are faced by small and medium resorts. It only focuses on the factors that are presently prevailing in the Austrian but fails to address factors that could affect the future of this industry (Hinteregger). The audience or users of this conference document could easily follow the report, but the analysis report does not provide details of different services and events that take place in this market or steps taken by the Austrian government to promote tourism. Furthermore, The report Moreover, an interesting element of comparing Austrian resort industry could have been compared with other locations in Europe that compete with the Austrian resort industry and